hist(graphics)
hist()所属R语言包：graphics
Histograms
直方图
译者：生物统计家园网 机器人LoveR
描述----------Description----------
The generic function hist computes a histogram of the given data values. If plot=TRUE, the resulting object of class "histogram" is plotted by plot.histogram, before it is returned.
通用函数hist计算一个给定的数据值的直方图。 plot=TRUE如果类"histogram"对象plot.histogram绘制，然后才返回。
用法----------Usage----------
hist(x, ...)
## Default S3 method:[默认方法]
hist(x, breaks = "Sturges",
freq = NULL, probability = !freq,
include.lowest = TRUE, right = TRUE,
density = NULL, angle = 45, col = NULL, border = NULL,
main = paste("Histogram of" , xname),
xlim = range(breaks), ylim = NULL,
xlab = xname, ylab,
axes = TRUE, plot = TRUE, labels = FALSE,
nclass = NULL, warn.unused = TRUE, ...)
参数----------Arguments----------
参数：x
a vector of values for which the histogram is desired.
直方图所需的值向量。
参数：breaks
one of:
之一：
a vector giving the breakpoints between histogram cells,
向量直方图单元之间的断点，
a single number giving the number of cells for the histogram,
一个号码给单元的数量，直方图
a character string naming an algorithm to compute the number of cells (see "Details"),
字符串命名的算法来计算单元的数量（见“详细资料”），
a function to compute the number of cells.
一个函数来计算单元数量。
In the last three cases the number is a suggestion only.
在过去的三宗情况的数目是一个建议。
参数：freq
logical; if TRUE, the histogram graphic is a representation of frequencies, the counts component of the result; if FALSE, probability densities, component density, are plotted (so that the histogram has a total area of one). Defaults to TRUE if and only if breaks are equidistant (and probability is not specified).
逻辑;如果如果TRUE，概率密度，组件counts，绘制（所以FALSE，直方图图形是一个代表性的频率，density结果的组成部分;直方图有一个总面积）。默认为TRUE当且仅当breaks是等距离（probability未指定）。
参数：probability
an alias for !freq, for S compatibility.
!freq的兼容性的别名。
参数：include.lowest
logical; if TRUE, an x[i] equal to the breaks value will be included in the first (or last, for right = FALSE) bar. This will be ignored (with a warning) unless breaks is a vector.
逻辑;如果TRUE，x[i]breaks值等于将包含在第一个（或最后right = FALSE）条形。这将被忽略（警告），除非breaks是一个向量。
参数：right
logical; if TRUE, the histogram cells are right-closed (left open) intervals.
逻辑;如果TRUE，直方图单元是封闭右（左开）区间。
参数：density
the density of shading lines, in lines per inch. The default value of NULL means that no shading lines are drawn. Non-positive values of density also inhibit the drawing of shading lines.
阴影线的密度，以每英寸线。默认值NULL意味着没有阴影线绘制。 density非正面的价值观也抑制了阴影线绘图。
参数：angle
the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees (counter-clockwise).
遮光线的斜率，角度（逆时针）。
参数：col
a colour to be used to fill the bars. The default of NULL yields unfilled bars.
要使用一种颜色，填补了条形。 NULL默认产生悬空的条形。
参数：border
the color of the border around the bars. The default is to use the standard foreground color.
颜色的边界附近的条形。默认是使用标准的前景色。
参数：main, xlab, ylab
these arguments to title have useful defaults here.
这些title的参数这里有有用的默认。
参数：xlim, ylim
the range of x and y values with sensible defaults. Note that xlim is not used to define the histogram (breaks), but only for plotting (when plot = TRUE).
合理的默认值x和y值的范围。注意xlim不用于定义直方图（截断），但仅限于绘图（当plot = TRUE）。
参数：axes
logical. If TRUE (default), axes are draw if the plot is drawn.
逻辑。如果TRUE（默认），轴画，如果绘制的图。
参数：plot
logical. If TRUE (default), a histogram is plotted, otherwise a list of breaks and counts is returned. In the latter case, a warning is used if (typically graphical) arguments are specified that only apply to the plot = TRUE case.
逻辑。如果TRUE（默认），绘制直方图，否则返回中断和计数的列表。在后一种情况下，一个警告，如果指定参数（通常是图形），只适用于plot = TRUE情况。
参数：labels
logical or character. Additionally draw labels on top of bars, if not FALSE; see plot.histogram.
逻辑或字符。此外，借鉴条形顶部的标签，如果没有FALSE;看到plot.histogram。
参数：nclass
numeric (integer). For S(-PLUS) compatibility only, nclass is equivalent to breaks for a scalar or character argument.
数字（整数）。只为S-PLUS的兼容性，nclass相当于breaks一个标量或字符参数。
参数：warn.unused
logical. If plot=FALSE and warn.unused=TRUE, a warning will be issued when graphical parameters are passed to hist.default().
逻辑。如果plot=FALSE和warn.unused=TRUE，警告发出时，图形的参数被传递到hist.default()。
参数：...
further arguments and graphical parameters passed to plot.histogram and thence to title and axis (if plot=TRUE).
进一步的参数和图形参数传递给plot.histogram那里title和axis（如果plot=TRUE）。
Details
详情----------Details----------
The definition of histogram differs by source (with country-specific biases). R's default with equi-spaced breaks (also the default) is to plot the counts in the cells defined by breaks. Thus the height of a rectangle is proportional to the number of points falling into the cell, as is the area provided the breaks are equally-spaced.
直方图的定义不同来源（与特定国家的偏见）。 R的等间隔符（默认）默认是绘制在breaks定义的单元计数。因此，一个长方形的高度是成正比的落点进入单元的数量，是该区域提供同样的间隔截断。
The default with non-equi-spaced breaks is to give a plot of area one, in which the area of the rectangles is the fraction of the data points falling in the cells.
非等间隔符的默认是给剧情的区域之一，在长方形的面积是小部分的单元中的数据点。
If right = TRUE (default), the histogram cells are intervals of the form (a, b], i.e., they include their right-hand endpoint, but not their left one, with the exception of the first cell when include.lowest is TRUE.
如果right = TRUE（默认），直方图单元间隔的形式(a, b]，即，它们包括右手的端点，而不是他们的左边，与异常的第一个单元格当include.lowest是TRUE。
For right = FALSE, the intervals are of the form [a, b), and include.lowest means "include highest".
：right = FALSE，间隔形式[a, b)，include.lowest手段，包括最高的“。
A numerical tolerance of 1e-7 times the median bin size is applied when counting entries on the edges of bins. This is not included in the reported breaks nor (as from R 2.11.0) in the calculation of density.
一个数值公差1e-7倍中位数的bin大小计数时箱的边缘上的条目。这不包括在报道breaks也不在计算density的（如从R 2.11.0）。
The default for breaks is "Sturges": see nclass.Sturges. Other names for which algorithms are supplied are "Scott" and "FD" / "Freedman-Diaconis" (with corresponding functions nclass.scott and nclass.FD). Case is ignored and partial matching is used. Alternatively, a function can be supplied which will compute the intended number of breaks as a function of x.
为默认的breaks是"Sturges"：看到nclass.Sturges。算法提供的其他名称"Scott"和"FD"/"Freedman-Diaconis"（与相应的功能nclass.scott和nclass.FD）。忽略大小写，并使用部分匹配。另外，一个函数可以提供，这将计算预定的截断作为x的函数。
值----------Value----------
an object of class "histogram" which is a list with components:
一个类的对象"histogram"这是一个组件列表：
参数：breaks
the n+1 cell boundaries (= breaks if that was a vector). These are the nominal breaks, not with the boundary fuzz.
n+1单元边界（=breaks如果这是一个向量）。这些都是不与边界模糊，名义截断。
参数：counts
n integers; for each cell, the number of x[] inside.
n整数，每个单元，x[]里面。
参数：density
values f^(x[i]), as estimated density values. If all(diff(breaks) == 1), they are the relative frequencies counts/n and in general satisfy sum[i; f^(x[i]) (b[i+1]-b[i])] = 1, where b[i] = breaks[i].
值f^(x[i])，估计密度值。如果all(diff(breaks) == 1)，它们的相对频率counts/n一般满足sum[i; f^(x[i]) (b[i+1]-b[i])] = 1，其中b[i]=breaks[i]。
参数：intensities
same as density. Deprecated, but retained for compatibility.
相同density。已过时，但保留的兼容性。
参数：mids
the n cell midpoints.
n单元的中点。
参数：xname
a character string with the actual x argument name.
与实际的x参数名称的字符串。
参数：equidist
logical, indicating if the distances between breaks are all the same.
逻辑，如果breaks距离都是一样的。
参考文献----------References----------
The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Modern Applied Statistics with S. Springer.
参见----------See Also----------
nclass.Sturges, stem, density, truehist in package MASS.
nclass.Sturges，stem，density，truehist在包MASS。
Typical plots with vertical bars are not histograms. Consider barplot or plot(*, type = "h") for such bar plots.
典型图与竖线不直方图。考虑这样的条形图barplot或plot(*, type = "h")。
举例----------Examples----------
op <- par(mfrow=c(2, 2))
hist(islands)
utils::str(hist(islands, col="gray", labels = TRUE))
hist(sqrt(islands), breaks = 12, col="lightblue", border="pink")
##-- For non-equidistant breaks, counts should NOT be graphed unscaled:[＃ - 非等距截断，计数不应该被绘制未缩放：]
r <- hist(sqrt(islands), breaks = c(4*0:5, 10*3:5, 70, 100, 140),
col='blue1')
text(r$mids, r$density, r$counts, adj=c(.5, -.5), col='blue3')
sapply(r[2:3], sum)
sum(r$density * diff(r$breaks)) # == 1[== 1]
lines(r, lty = 3, border = "purple") # -> lines.histogram(*)[ - > lines.histogram（*）]
par(op)
require(utils) # for str[为STR]
str(hist(islands, breaks=12, plot= FALSE)) #-> 10 (~= 12) breaks[ - > 10（= 12）截断]
str(hist(islands, breaks=c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), plot = FALSE))
hist(islands, breaks=c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), freq = TRUE,
main = "WRONG histogram") # and warning[和警告]
require(stats)
set.seed(14)
x <- rchisq(100, df = 4)
## Comparing data with a model distribution should be done with qqplot()![＃模型分布比较数据应做与qqplot（）！]
qqplot(x, qchisq(ppoints(x), df = 4)); abline(0,1, col = 2, lty = 2)
## if you really insist on using hist() ... :[＃如果你真的坚持使用hist()... ：]
hist(x, freq = FALSE, ylim = c(0, 0.2))
curve(dchisq(x, df = 4), col = 2, lty = 2, lwd = 2, add = TRUE)
转载请注明:出自 生物统计家园网(http://www.biostatistic.net)。
注：
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发表于 2012-2-16 17:32:01
