nbfires(spatstat)
nbfires()所属R语言包：spatstat
Point Patterns of New Brunswick Forest Fires
新不伦瑞克省林火点模式
译者：生物统计家园网 机器人LoveR
描述----------Description----------
Point patterns created from yearly records, provided by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, of all fires falling under their jurisdiction for the years 1987 to 2003 inclusive (with the year 1988 omitted until further notice).
每年，新不伦瑞克省自然资源部提供的，其管辖范围内的所有火灾的年份1987至2003年（含）（1988年创建的省略的点模式，直至另行通知）。
用法----------Usage----------
data(nbfires)
格式----------Format----------
Executing data(nbfires) creates two objects: nbfires and nbw.rect.
执行data(nbfires)创建了两个对象：nbfires和nbw.rect。
The object nbfires is a marked point pattern (an object of class "ppp") consisting of all of the fires in the years 1987 to 2003 inclusive, with the omission of 1988. The marks consist of a data frame of auxiliary information about the fires; see Details. Patterns for individual years can be extracted using the function split.ppp(). (See Examples.)
的对象nbfires是一个显着的点模式（类"ppp"）的对象包括所有在一九八七年至2003年（含）的火灾，与1988年的遗漏。标记组成一个数据框的辅助信息的火灾，查看详细信息。个别年份的模式可以提取使用的功能split.ppp()。 （请参见示例）。
The object nbw.rect is a rectangular window which covers central New Brunswick. It is provided for use in illustrative and "practice" calculations inasmuch as the use of a rectangular window simplifies some computations considerably.
的对象nbw.rect是一个长方形的窗口，其中包括中央新不伦瑞克省。它被提供用于说明性的，而实践的计算，因为作为一个矩形窗口的使用简化了相当一些计算。
Details
详细信息----------Details----------
The coordinates of the fire locations were provided in terms of latitude and longitude, to the nearest minute of arc. These were converted to New Brunswick stereographic projection coordinates (Thomson, Mephan and Steeves, 1977) which was the coordinate system in which the map of New Brunswick — which constitutes the observation window for the pattern — was obtained. The conversion was done using a C program kindly provided by Jonathan Beaudoin of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics, University of New Brunswick.
火位置的坐标的经度和纬度，弧为最接近的分钟。这些被转换为新不伦瑞克立体图的投影坐标（汤姆森Mephan和斯蒂夫斯，1977），这是得到的坐标系统，在该系统中的图新不伦瑞克 - 构成的图案的观察窗 - 。转换使用C程序好心提供的测绘系，新不伦瑞克大学的乔纳森·布多昂。
Finally the data and window were rescaled since the use of the New Brunswick stereographic projection coordinate system resulted in having to deal with coordinates which are expressed as very large integers with a bewildering number of digits. Amongst other things, these huge numbers tended to create very untidy axis labels on graphs. The width of the bounding box of the window was made equal to 1000 (nameless) units. In addition the lower left hand corner of this bounding box was shifted to the origin. The height of the bounding box was changed proportionately, resulting in a value of approximately 959.
最后，在处理非常大的整数，一个令人困惑的数字表示的坐标由于新不伦瑞克立体投影坐标系使用的数据和窗口重新调整。除其他事项外，这些巨大的数字往往很邋遢的轴图表上的标签。窗口的边界框的宽度等于1000（无名）为单位。此外，此边界框的左下角被转移到原点。边界框的高度比例，导致约值959。
The window for the fire patterns comprises 6 polygonal components, consisting of mainland New Brunswick and the 5 largest islands. Some lakes which should form holes in the mainland component are currently missing; this problem may be remedied in future releases. The window was formed by "simplifying" the map that was originally obtained. The simplification consisted in reducing (using an interactive visual technique) the number of polygon edges in each component. For instance the number of edges in the mainland component was reduced from over 138,000 to 500.
火的窗口模式包括6个的多边形组成部分，大陆新不伦瑞克省和5个最大的岛屿组成的。一些湖泊，成孔在内地组件，目前下落不明，这个问题可能会在将来的版本中予以纠正。该窗口是由简化最初获得图。的简化包括在每个组件中的多边形的边的数目的减少（使用一个交互式的可视化技术）。例如在内地组件的边缘超过138,000减少到500。
For some purposes it is probably better to use a discretized (mask type) window. See Examples.
对于某些目的，可能是更好的使用离散化（屏蔽型）窗口。请参阅示例。
Because of the coarseness of the coordinates of the original data (1 minute of longitude is approximately 1 kilometer at the latitude of New Brunswick), data entry errors, and the simplification of the observation window, many of the original fire locations appeared to be outside of the window. This problem was addressed by shifting the location of the "outsider" points slightly, or deleting them, as seemed appropriate.
由于的粗糙度的原始数据（1分钟经度纬度新不伦瑞克约1公里），数据输入错误，和简化的观察窗口的坐标，许多的原火位置出现外的窗口。轻微的“局外人”的位置点转移或删除他们，似乎是适当的解决了这一问题。
The columns of the data frame comprising the marks of nbfires are:
的列的数据框中包括的标记nbfires是：
This a factor with levels 1987, 1989, ..., 2002, 2003. Note that 1988 is not present in the levels.
这是一个因素的水平1987年，1989年，...，2002年，2003年。注意，1988是不存在的水平。
A factor with levels forest, grass, dump, and other.
与水平的一个因素forest，grass，dump和other。
The discovery date of the fire, which is the nearest possible surrogate for the starting time of the fire. This is an object of class POSIXct and gives the starting discovery time of the fire to the nearest minute.
火的发现日期，这是最近的可能替代的起始时间的火。这是一个类的对象POSIXct，并给出了开始发现火为最接近的分钟时间。
The discovery date and time of the fire, expressed in "Julian days", i.e. as a decimal fraction representing the number of days since the beginning of the year (midnight 31 December).
火的发现日期和时间，表示在“朱利安天”，即一个小数部分表示自年初以来的天数（午夜12月31日）。
The date on which the fire was judged to be "out". This is an object of class POSIXct and gives the "out" time of the fire to the nearest minute.
火的日期被认为是出。这是一个类的对象POSIXct，并给出了“出”火时间为最接近的分钟。
The date and time at which the fire was judged to be "out", expressed in Julian days.
的日期和时间，火被认为是“出”，表示在朱利安天。
General cause of the fire. This is a factor with levels unknown, rrds (railroads), misc (miscellaneous), ltning (lightning), for.ind (forest industry), incend (incendiary), rec (recreation), resid (resident), and oth.ind (other industry). Causes unknown, ltning, and incend are supposedly designated as "final" by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, meaning (it seems) “that's all there is to it”. Other causes are apparently intended to be refined by being combined with “source of ignition”. However cross-tabulating cause with ign.src — see below — reveals that very often these three "causes" are associated with an “ignition source” as well.
火产生的原因。这是一个因素与水平unknown，rrds（铁路），misc（杂项），ltning（雷电），for.ind（森工企业）， incend（燃烧），rec（休闲），resid（居），和oth.ind（其他行业）。原因unknown，ltning和incend被认为是指定为新不伦瑞克省的自然资源，意思是“最终”（似乎）“这是所有有给它” 。其他原因显然是加以提炼，结合“火源”。但是交叉制表causeign.src - 见下文 - 揭示，很多时候，这些“原因”与“点火源”。
Source of ignition, a factor with levels cigs (cigarette/match/pipe/ashes), burn.no.perm (burning without a permit), burn.w.perm (burning with a permit), presc.burn (prescribed burn), wood.spark (wood spark), mach.spark (machine spark), campfire, chainsaw, machinery, veh.acc (vehicle accident), rail.acc (railroad accident), wheelbox (wheelbox on railcars), hot.flakes (hot flakes off railcar wheels), dump.fire (fire escaping from a dump), ashes (ashes, briquettes, burning garbage, etc.)
火源与水平的一个因素cigs（香烟/比赛/管材/灰），burn.no.perm（燃烧没有许可证的情况下），burn.w.perm（燃烧的许可证），<X >（订明烧伤），presc.burn（木火花），wood.spark（机火花），mach.spark，campfire，chainsaw，machinery （事故车辆），veh.acc（铁路事故），rail.acc（wheelbox上轨车），wheelbox（热剥落轨道车车轮），hot.flakes（火逃离转储），dump.fire（骨灰，煤球，焚烧垃圾等）
The final size of the fire (area burned) in hectares, to the nearest 10th hectare.
火面积烧伤公顷，到最近的第10公顷的最终大小。
Note that due to data entry errors some of the “out dates” and “out times” in the original data sets were actually earlier than the corresponding “discovery dates” and “discover times”. In such cases all corresponding entries of the marks data frame (i.e. dis.date, dis.julian, out.date, and out.julian) were set equal to NA. Also, some of the dates and times were missing (equal to NA) in the original data sets.
请注意，由于数据输入错误的“日期”和“退房时间”中的原始数据集，其实早于相应的“发现日期”和“发现时代”。在这种情况下，所有项目的标志数据框（即dis.date，dis.julian，out.date和out.julian）等于NA。此外，一些失踪的日期和时间（等于NA）在原始数据集。
The "ignition source" data were given as integer codes in the original data sets. The code book that I obtained gave interpretations for codes 1, 2, ..., 15. However the actually also contained codes of 0, 16, 17, 18, and in one instance 44. These may simply be data entry errors. These uninterpretable values were assigned the level unknown. Many of the years had most, or sometimes all, of the ignition source codes equal to 0 (hence turning out as unknown, and many of the years had many missing values as well. These were also assigned the level unknown. Of the 7108 fires in nbfires, 4354 had an unknown ignition source. This variable is hence unlikely to be very useful.
点火源“数据作为原始数据集的整数代码。代码1，2，...，15的代码的书，我得到了诠释。然而，实际上也包含代码为0，16，17，18，并在一个实例44。这可能仅仅是数据录入错误。这些无法解释的值被分配水平unknown。许多多年了大多数，或有时所有的点火源代码等于0（因此出unknown，和许多的岁月，以及有大量缺失值的。这些也被分配水平unknown7108火灾nbfires4354unknown点火源。这个变量，因此不太可能是非常有用的。
There are also anomalies between cause and ign.src, e.g. cause being unknown but ign.src being cigs, burn.no.perm, mach.spark, hot.flakes, dump.fire or ashes. Particularly worrisome is the fact that the cause ltning (!!!) is associate with sources of ignition cigs, burn.w.perm, presc.burn, and wood.spark.
也有异常之间cause和ign.src，例如： cause被unknown但ign.src是cigs，burn.no.perm，mach.spark，hot.flakes，dump.fire或ashes。尤其令人担忧的是，事业ltning（！）是联营公司与点火cigs，burn.w.perm，presc.burn，wood.spark的来源。
源----------Source----------
The data were kindly provided by the New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources. Special thanks are due to Jefferey Betts for a great deal of assistance.
新不伦瑞克省自然资源部的数据，请提供。特别感谢Jefferey贝茨了大量的援助。
参考文献----------References----------
Point patterns of forest fire locations. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 16 (2009) 197 – 223, doi:10.1007/s10651-007-0085-1.
The stereographic double projection. Technical Report 46, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B., Canada URL: <code>gge.unb.ca/Pubs/Pubs.html</code>.
实例----------Examples----------
## Not run: [＃不运行：]
data(nbfires)
# Get the year 2000 data.[2000年的数据。]
X <- split(nbfires,"year")
Y.00 <- X[["2000"]]
# Plot all of the year 2000 data, marked by fire type.[绘制所有的2000年的数据，火型标记。]
plot(Y.00,which.marks="fire.type")
# Cut back to forest and grass fires.[切回森林和草原火灾。]
Y.00 <- Y.00[marks(Y.00)$fire.type %in% c("forest","grass")]
# Plot the year 2000 forest and grass fires marked by fire duration time.[2000年绘制的森林和草原火灾标记的火灾延续时间。]
stt <- marks(Y.00)$dis.julian
fin <- marks(Y.00)$out.julian
marks(Y.00) <- cbind(marks(Y.00),dur=fin-stt)
plot(Y.00,which.marks="dur")
# Look at just the rectangular subwindow (superimposed on the entire window).[只是叠加在整个窗口的矩形子窗口（）。]
nbw.mask <- as.mask(nbfires$window, dimyx=500)
plot(nbw.mask, col=c("green", "white"))
plot(nbfires$window, border="red", add=TRUE)
plot(Y.00[nbw.rect],use.marks=FALSE,add=TRUE)
plot(nbw.rect,add=TRUE,border="blue")
# Look at the K function for the year 2000 forest and grass fires.[在2000年的森林和草原火灾的K函数。]
K.00 <- Kest(Y.00)
plot(K.00)
## End(Not run)[＃（不执行）]
转载请注明:出自 生物统计家园网(http://www.biostatistic.net)。
注：
注1：为了方便大家学习，本文档为生物统计家园网机器人LoveR翻译而成，仅供个人R语言学习参考使用，生物统计家园保留版权。
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发表于 2012-9-30 13:49:31
