isomap(vegan)
isomap()所属R语言包:vegan
Isometric Feature Mapping Ordination
等距特征映射排序
译者:生物统计家园网 机器人LoveR
描述----------Description----------
The function performs isometric feature mapping which consists of three simple steps: (1) retain only some of the shortest dissimilarities among objects, (2) estimate all dissimilarities as shortest path distances, and (3) perform metric scaling (Tenenbaum et al. 2000).
该函数执行等距特征映射,它由三个简单的步骤:(1)只保留一些对象之间的相异最短的,(2)所有相异最短路径距离的估计,和(3)执行公吨缩放(特南鲍姆等人,2000年)。
用法----------Usage----------
isomap(dist, ndim=10, ...)
isomapdist(dist, epsilon, k, path = "shortest", fragmentedOK =FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'isomap'
summary(object, axes = 4, ...)
## S3 method for class 'isomap'
plot(x, net = TRUE, n.col = "gray", type = "points", ...)
rgl.isomap(x, web = "white", ...)
参数----------Arguments----------
参数:dist
Dissimilarities.
不同之处。
参数:ndim
Number of axes in metric scaling (argument k in cmdscale).
公制换算轴数(参数kcmdscale)。
参数:epsilon
Shortest dissimilarity retained.
最短相异保留。
参数:k
Number of shortest dissimilarities retained for a point. If both epsilon and k are given, epsilon will be used.
数保留的最短相异的一个点。如果这两个epsilon和k给出,epsilon使用。
参数:path
Method used in stepacross to estimate the shortest path, with alternatives "shortest" and "extended".
方法stepacross估计的最短路径,使用替代品的"shortest"和"extended"。
参数:fragmentedOK
What to do if dissimilarity matrix is fragmented. If TRUE, analyse the largest connected group, otherwise stop with error.
怎么办,如果相异度矩阵的碎片。如果TRUE,分析了最大的连接组,否则停止错误。
参数:x, object
An isomap result object.
isomap的结果对象。
参数:axes
Number of axes displayed.
显示的轴数。
参数:net
Draw the net of retained dissimilarities.
画网保留异同。
参数:n.col
Colour of drawn net segments.
颜色绘制的网段。
参数:type
Plot observations either as "points", "text" or use "none" to plot no observations. The "text" will use ordilabel if net = TRUE and ordiplot if net = FALSE, and pass extra arguments to these functions.
图观察"points","text"或使用"none"图没有意见。 "text"将使用ordilabel如果net = TRUE和ordiplot如果net = FALSE,和额外的参数传递给这些函数。
参数:web
Colour of the web in rgl graphics.
网络rgl图形的颜色。
参数:...
Other parameters passed to functions.
其他参数传递给函数。
Details
详细信息----------Details----------
The function isomap first calls function isomapdist for dissimilarity transformation, and then performs metric scaling for the result. All arguments to isomap are passed to isomapdist. The functions are separate so that the isompadist transformation could be easily used with other functions than simple linear mapping of cmdscale.
函数isomap第一次调用函数isomapdist相异改造,然后进行度量缩放的结果。所有的参数isomap传递到isomapdist。所以可以很容易地使用isompadist不是简单的线性映射等功能,cmdscale转型的功能是分开的。
Function isomapdist retains either dissimilarities equal or shorter to epsilon, or if epsilon is not given, at least k shortest dissimilarities for a point. Then a complete dissimilarity matrix is reconstructed using stepacross using either flexible shortest paths or extended dissimilarities (for details, see stepacross).
功能isomapdist保留或者相异等于或短,epsilon或epsilon没有给出,至少k的最短的不同点一个点。一个完整的相异度矩阵重建stepacross可以使用灵活最短的路径或扩展的异同(有关详细信息,请参阅stepacross)。
De'ath (1999) actually published essentially the same method before Tenenbaum et al. (2000), and De'ath's function is available in xdiss in package mvpart. The differences are that isomap introduced the k criterion, whereas De'ath only used epsilon criterion. In practice, De'ath also retains higher proportion of dissimilarities than typical isomap.
其实Death(1999)发表特南鲍姆等方法之前基本上是相同的。 (2000年),和Death的功能是在xdiss在包mvpart。不同之处在于,isomapk标准,,而Death只用epsilon标准。在实践中,Death还保留了较高比例的不同点,比典型的isomap。
The plot function uses internally ordiplot, except that it adds text over net using ordilabel. The plot function passes extra arguments to these functions. In addition, function rgl.isomap can make dynamic 3D plots that can be rotated on the screen. The functions is based on ordirgl, but it adds the connecting lines. The function passes extra arguments to scores or ordirgl functions so that you can select axes, or define
使用内部plot,不同之处在于它增加了文本超过净ordiplot的ordilabel功能。 plot功能额外的参数传递给这些函数。此外,功能rgl.isomap可以将动态3D绘图,可以在屏幕上旋转。的功能是基于ordirgl,但它增加了连接线。该函数传递额外的参数给scores或ordirgl功能,使您可以选择轴,或定义
值----------Value----------
Function isomapdist returns a dissimilarity object similar to dist. Function isomap returns an object of class isomap with plot and summary methods. The plot function returns invisibly an object of class ordiplot. Function scores can extract the ordination scores.
功能isomapdist返回一个相异对象类似dist。功能isomap返回一个类的对象isomapplot和summary方法。 plot函数返回不可见的的对象类ordiplot。函数scores可以提取的协调的分数。
注意----------Note----------
Tenenbaum et al. (2000) justify isomap as a tool of unfolding a manifold (e.g. a 'Swiss Roll'). Even with a manifold structure, the sampling must be even and dense so that dissimilarities along a manifold are shorter than across the folds. If data do not have such a manifold structure, the results are very sensitive to parameter values.
特南鲍姆等。 (2000)证明isomap展现了一个歧管的工具(如“瑞士卷”)。即使与歧管的结构,必须是偶数采样和致密的,所以沿歧管的不同点是比跨褶皱短。如果数据不具有这样的歧管结构,结果是非常敏感的参数值。
(作者)----------Author(s)----------
Jari Oksanen
参考文献----------References----------
estimation of ecological distances from high beta diversity data. Plant Ecology 144, 191–199
network framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 290, 2319–2323.
参见----------See Also----------
The underlying functions that do the proper work are stepacross, distconnected and cmdscale. Package mvpart provides a parallel (but a bit different) implementation (xdiss). Moreover, vegan function metaMDS may trigger stepacross transformation, but usually only for longest dissimilarities. The plot method of vegan minimum spanning tree function
做适当的工作的基本职能,是stepacross,distconnected和cmdscale。套件mvpart提供了一个并行(但有一点不同)的实现(xdiss)。此外,vegan函数metaMDS可能引发stepacross转型,但通常只适用于最长的异同。 “plotvegan最小生成树功能的方法
实例----------Examples----------
## The following examples also overlay minimum spanning tree to[#下面的例子还覆盖的最小生成树]
## the graphics in red.[#图形为红色。]
op <- par(mar=c(4,4,1,1)+0.2, mfrow=c(2,2))
data(BCI)
dis <- vegdist(BCI)
tr <- spantree(dis)
pl <- ordiplot(cmdscale(dis), main="cmdscale")
lines(tr, pl, col="red")
ord <- isomap(dis, k=3)
ord
pl <- plot(ord, main="isomap k=3")
lines(tr, pl, col="red")
pl <- plot(isomap(dis, k=5), main="isomap k=5")
lines(tr, pl, col="red")
pl <- plot(isomap(dis, epsilon=0.45), main="isomap epsilon=0.45")
lines(tr, pl, col="red")
par(op)
## The following command requires user interaction[#下面的命令需要用户交互]
## Not run: [#不运行:]
rgl.isomap(ord, size=4, color="hotpink")
## End(Not run)[#(不执行)]
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注:
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