sampSurf-package(sampSurf)
sampSurf-package()所属R语言包：sampSurf
Sampling Surface Simulation
采样地面模拟
译者：生物统计家园网 机器人LoveR
描述----------Description----------
The sampSurf package can be used to construct sampling surface simulations for different areal sampling methods common to forestry and ecology. These would include fixed-area plot methods, line intersect sampling, and various variable-radius plot sampling methods, the latter more commonly used in forestry. Most of these fall under the general probability proportional to size (<acronym>PPS</acronym>) umbrella and have some form of inclusion zone associated with each individual in the population. The inclusion zone has well-defined area (sometimes called the inclusion area) and may be thought of simply as that zone within which a sample point could fall and select the associated individual. The sample point can be the center of a circular fixed-area plot, an actual point as in horizontal point sampling, or say, the midpoint of a line in line intersect sampling.
sampSurf包可以用来模拟不同面积的抽样方法，常见的林业和生态建设采样表面。这将包括的固定区域图方法，线相交采样，以及各种可变半径曲线抽样方法，后者更常用的林业。这些秋天的一般概率比例尺寸（<acronym> PPS </首字母缩写）伞，有某种形式的与每一个人在人群中列入区。列入区已定义区域（有时称为“包含区域），并且可以简单地认为是一个采样点内，该区域可能会下降，并选择相关联的个人。采样点的中心，或者说，一个圆形的固定面积的图，实际在水平点采样点的中点，线线相交采样。
In general we are interested in determining the properties of various sampling methods mentioned above when applied to fixed objects such as standing trees or down logs. The sampSurf package will allow generation of log or tree populations within a fixed tract area. The surface generated from the intersection of inclusion zones applied to the individuals in the population for a given attribute (e.g., cubic volume, number of individuals, etc.) are represented by the "sampSurf" class and can be displayed graphically. Estimator variance is directly associated with the sampling surface roughness, and so methods can also be compared visually.
一般我们感兴趣的是上面提到的各种抽样方法确定时，适用于固定的物体，如立木或倒木。 sampSurf包将允许生成的log或乔木种群在一个固定的道。产生的表面从对于一个给定的属性（例如，立方体体积，个人，数量等）施加到在人群中的个人的包容区的交点表示的“sampSurf”类，并且可以是以图形方式显示出来。估计的方差是直接相关的与采样表面粗糙度，这样的方法也可以肉眼比较。
sampSurf has support for several methods/protocols for sampling down logs; e.g.,...
sampSurf采样倒木的几种方法/协议的支持，例如，
Fixed area plots, which includes the so-called "stand-up," "sausage," and "chainsaw" protocols.
固定的区域的图，其中包括所谓的“站立”，“香肠，”和“链锯的协议。
Point relascope sampling (PRS).
年点relascope取样（PRS）。
Perpendicular distance sampling (PDS) in several forms: Canonical PDS, omnibus PDS, canonical distance limited PDS (DLPDS), omnibus DLPDS, and hybrid DLPDS. Each of these PDS variants can be used with any one of three selection attributes: volume, coverage or surface areas.
垂直距离取样以下几种形式：（PDS），典型距离有限PDS（DLPDS）的综合PDS综合布线系统，规范，综合DLPDS，和混合DLPDS的。这些PDS的每个变体，可以使用三个选择的任何一个属性：体积，覆盖或表面积。
Distance limited sampling in two forms: Simple (DLS), and Monte Carlo (DLMCS).
距离有限的采样有两种形式：简单（DLS），蒙特卡罗（DLMCS）。
Support for standing trees includes the following methods...
支持立木包括下面的方法...
Circular fixed area plots.
圆形固定区域的图。
Horizontal point sampling.
水平点采样。
The class structure is designed to support additions with relative ease, so more methods will appear in future releases (hopefully with some contributed by users).
类结构被设计为支持增加相对容易，所以更多的方法，会出现在将来的版本中（希望一些用户贡献）。
Details
详细信息----------Details----------
The package is written in S4 and has a number of classes and constructors, as well as some helper functions. In general, the capabilities include the following...
包是写在S4和一些类和构造函数，以及一些辅助功能。在一般情况下，功能包括以下...
Generate synthetic populations of logs or standing trees as “Stem” objects. Note that data from field measurements can also be used if available.
生成“Stem”对象的log或站立的树木合成群体的。请注意，从实地测量的数据，也可以（如果可用）。
Construct inclusion zones around each individual in the population and assign attributes to the zone for volume, etc.
建设列入区周围每一个人的人口和属性分配给区域音量等
Generate “Tract” objects of given dimension (x,y) and resolution (grid cell size) to hold the objects. The grid cell resolution is related directly to sampling intensity: each grid cell center can be thought of as a sample point for the method under consideration.
产生“Tract”对象给定的尺寸（X，Y）和分辨率（网格单元的尺寸）持有的对象。的网格单元的分辨率直接关系到取样强度：每一个格子的中心可以被认为是作为一个采样点为所考虑的方法。
Combine the above into a sampling surface and calculate summary statistics, or display visually.
结合上述的采样表面，并计算汇总统计，直观地显示。
Simulate multiple realizations of the same method with differing populations of objects to get more general results over many “plots” (i.e., “Tract” objects). (This is not implemented yet.)
模拟多个实现相同的方法，不同的人群得到更普遍的结果，许多“自留地”（即“道”的对象）的对象。 （这还没有实现）。
Please note that there are several vignettes included within the package that explain in detail the classes and methods listed below using many examples. Please refer to the “Overview” vignette to get started. Then perhaps refer to the other vignettes in the order presented in the overview for detailed examples and descriptions. To find the vignettes on your help system, go to the index for the sampSurf package (see the link at the bottom of this page). The help files linked to below explain the various classes and methods in more detail, including slot and argument definitions.
请注意，包内的详细说明的类和方法使用了很多例子下面列出的是几个小插曲。请参阅“概述”小插曲开始浏览网页。然后，也许在概述中给出的顺序详细的例子和说明，参考其他小插曲。为了您的帮助系统中找到护身符，去的索引sampSurf包（在本页面底部的链接）。相关的帮助文件，下面解释各种类和方法的更多细节，包括插槽和参数定义。
的类，适用在<span class="pkg"> sampSurf </ SPAN> ...----------Classes For Use In <span class="pkg">sampSurf</span>...----------
The following S4 classes are defined within the sampSurf package to facilitate sampling surface generation. Note that it is not necessary to work with the class structures directly if all you want to do is generate a sampling surface for a population of synthetic logs or trees. However, some familiarization with the basic class structure is helpful in order to understand how the pieces fit together into a final sampling surface. Again, the vignettes are a source of much information.
在sampSurf包下面的S4类的定义，以方便采样表面生成。请注意，这是没有必要直接，如果你想要做的是人口的合成log或树木产生的采样表面的班级结构。然而，一些熟悉的基础类结构是有帮助的，以了解如何拼起来到最后的采样表面。此外，护身符多的信息的来源。
Objects of the non-virtual classes below can be created using constructor functions of the same name, see the Object Constructors section for details.
以下的非虚拟类的对象使用构造函数相同的名称，可以创建对象的构造函数一节。
Virtual base class for the following
虚基类执行以下操作
A class for down logs
A类为倒木
A class for standing trees
A类为活立木
Container classes hold collections of individual “Stem” subclass objects of the corresponding name...
集装箱班举行的个人“干”的相应名称的子类对象的集合...
Virtual base class for the following
虚基类执行以下操作
Container class for a population of down log objects
对于一个人口下降的log对象的容器类
Container class for a population of standing tree objects
人口立木对象的容器类
Land area holding the population of individuals
土地面积的人口的个人
A "Tract" subclass with a buffer
A“道”子类的一个缓冲区
The above classes are derived from the Raster class in the raster package. They conform to a rectangular area of ground such as a plot or any tract of land, tessellated into grid cells.
上面的类来自Raster类raster包中。它们符合一个矩形区域，如图或任何一块土地的地面，细化到网格单元。
These classes define the different sampling methods available and provide the method-based information for the subsequent construction of inclusion zones...
这些类定义了不同的抽样方法和提供的方法为基础的信息的后续建设列入区...
A class structure for describing areal sampling methods
A类结构描述面的抽样方法
A subclass of "ArealSampling" for circular plot construction
“ArealSampling”圆小区建设的一个子类
A subclass of "ArealSampling" for point relascope sampling
“ArealSampling”采样点relascope中的一个子类
A subclass of "ArealSampling" for distance limited sampling
距离有限的采样的“ArealSampling”的一个子类
The following are container classes that hold collections of objects of the corresponding type for inclusion zones generated based on down logs or standing trees and the desired sampling methods. Each holds a collection of objects that are a subclass of “downLogIZ” or “standingTreeIZ”, respectively.
以下是容器类有列入区倒木或立木及所需的采样方法的基础上生成相应的类型的对象的集合。每间客房都拥有的“downLogIZ”或“standingTreeIZ”，分别是一个子类的对象的集合。
Virtual base class for the following
虚基类执行以下操作
Holds inclusion zone objects associated with down logs
可容纳列入区对象与倒木
Holds inclusion zone objects associated with standing trees
可容纳列入区相关联的对象立木
Again, many of these classes will only be of interest to someone wanting to do special simulations or for someone who wants to add extensions–for example, new sampling methods.
同样，许多这些类的只会是利益的人想要做的特别的模拟或有人要添加的扩展，例如，新的采样方法。
对象的构造函数----------Object Constructors----------
For each of the classes defined in the table above, we must be able to create objects that can be used in R. This is done using class-specific "constructor" methods that take the drudgery away from creating what can often be somewhat complicated (with all the graphical components) new object instances. There may be more than one constructor for a given class of object, and these are differentiated by the method signature; see the links provided below for more details...
对于上表中定义的类，我们必须能够创建对象，可用于在R.这是通过使用特定类的“构造”的方法，创造出了一种可以经常有些复杂的苦差事，距离（所有的图形组件）新的对象实例。对于一个给定的类的对象可以有多个构造函数，这是有区别的方法签名;更多详细信息，请参阅下面提供的链接...
Constructor for "Tract" objects
“道”对象的构造函数
Constructs a distance limited object
构造一个距离限制的对象
总结和绘图方法----------Summary and plotting methods----------
Almost without exception, the objects created above have graphical content made possible by using classes from the sp or raster packages. Therefore, methods have been added to the plot generics to allow for graphical display of objects. In addition, summary and show methods are also available (sometimes producing the same result) for printing information within the object...
几乎没有例外，上面创建的对象的图形内容成为可能，通过使用类从sp或raster包。因此，方法已被添加到plot泛型允许对象的图形显示。此外，summary和show方法也可以（有时会产生相同的结果），在对象的打印信息...
Create a histogram of object attributes
创建对象的属性的直方图
To plot one of the package objects
要绘制一个包对象
To succinctly print one of the package objects
简洁地打印一个包对象
To summarize one of the package objects
总结1的包对象
辅助方法----------Helper methods----------
Slots in S4 objects can be accessed directly using slot method or the @ operator. However, some "helper" functions have been provided for certain objects, along with other potentially useful routines...
在S4对象的插槽可以访问直接使用slot或@运营商的。然而，一些“辅助”功能已被设置为特定对象，以及与其它潜在的有用的例程...
Returns the area of a spatial object
返回一个空间对象的区域的
强制方法----------Coercion methods----------
Object coercion is accomplished in S4 by a call to as with the appropriate object and class to which one wants to convert...
通过调用as适当的对象和类，要转换完成S4对象强制...
Convert "downLogIZs" or "standingTreeIZs" object to respective "StemContainer"
转换“downLogIZs”或“standingTreeIZs”对象到各个“StemContainer”
The resulting data frame in the first method will be compatible with those generated from calls to either “sampleLogs” or “sampleTrees”. The second takes the drudgery out of getting a log collection from, say, the izContainer slot of a sampSurf object.
将所得的数据框中的第一种方法将是兼容与呼叫产生要么“sampleLogs”或“sampleTrees”的。第二个需要乏味，辛苦的log收集，说，izContainer插槽的sampSurf对象。
其它方法----------Miscellaneous methods----------
Some methods that might be useful as stand-alone routines...
有些方法可能是有用的作为独立的例程...
Draws grid lines and centers.
绘制网格线和中心。
Initialize .Random.seed.
初始化.Random.seed。
Transparancy in base graphics.
在基础图形Transparancy。
“sampSurf环境----------‘sampSurf’ environments----------
This package uses a “hidden” environment to keep things that are not necessary for the user out of mind. There is little reason to peak into it, except that some function argument defaults are specified directly via this environment. Thus, to enable you to figure out better what is going on, the environment is exported and its members can be accessed if desired.
此套件使用一个“隐藏”的环境，使事情是没有必要的用户的心。有什么理由达到高峰，除了直接通过这样的环境中，一些函数的参数指定默认值。因此，为了使您能够找出更好的是怎么回事，是出口环境，如果需要的话，其成员可以访问。
“sampSurf”级工会----------‘sampSurf’ class unions----------
There are a few class unions that are documented here only for the sake of completeness. It is unlikely that the casual user would ever need to be concerned about these.
有几级工会被记录在这里只是为了完整性。这是不可能的，一般用户会需要关注这些。
（作者）----------Author(s)----------
Jeffrey H. Gove
参考文献----------References----------
method in detail. The rest provide some examples of its use and are not exhaustive.
of variance reduction for forest surveys. Canadian Journal of Forest
an alternative method for sampling downed coarse woody debris. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
point relascope sampling for unbiased volume estimation of downed coarse
length sampling: a method to estimate the volume of downed coarse woody debris. European Journal of Forest Research
limited method for sampling downed coarse woody debris. In
Kenning, R. S. 2012. Distance limited perpendicular distance sampling for coarse woody material: Theory and field results. Forestry
M. S. 2012. A comprehensive comparison of perpendicular distance sampling methods for sampling down coarse woody
参见----------See Also----------
sp, raster
sp，raster
转载请注明:出自 生物统计家园网(http://www.biostatistic.net)。
注：
注1：为了方便大家学习，本文档为生物统计家园网机器人LoveR翻译而成，仅供个人R语言学习参考使用，生物统计家园保留版权。
注2：由于是机器人自动翻译，难免有不准确之处，使用时仔细对照中、英文内容进行反复理解，可以帮助R语言的学习。
注3：如遇到不准确之处，请在本贴的后面进行回帖，我们会逐渐进行修订。
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发表于 2012-9-29 22:07:20
